Differences in Brain Activation Between Novices and Experts in Science During a Task Involving a Common Misconception in Electricity     

Steve Masson  Patrice Potvin  Martin Riopel  Lorie‐Marlène Brault Foisy 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2014,8(1):44-55

Science education studies have revealed that students often have misconceptions about how nature works, but what happens to misconceptions after a conceptual change remains poorly understood. Are misconceptions rejected and replaced by scientific conceptions, or are they still present in students' minds, coexisting with newly acquired scientific conceptions? In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare brain activation between novices and experts in science when they evaluate the correctness of simple electric circuits. Results show that experts, more than novices, activate brain areas involved in inhibition when they evaluate electric circuits in which a bulb lights up, even though there is only one wire connecting it to the battery. These findings suggest that experts may still have a misconception encoded in the neural networks of their brains that must be inhibited in order to answer scientifically.  相似文献   

Loving and hating Jacob Zuma: some implications for education     

Rob Pattman 《Gender and education》2006,18(5):557-560

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Training educational administrators in Central America     

Jean-François Bernède 《Prospects》1977,7(1):113-117

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Program and Prophecy: The Fate of General Studies in Teacher Education     

Philip L Smith  Rob Traver 《Educational theory》1983,33(2):73-77

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String tension effects on tennis ball rebound speed and accuracy during playing conditions     

Bower R  Cross R 《Journal of sports sciences》2005,23(7):765-771

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether variations in rebound speed and accuracy of a tennis ball could be detected during game-simulated conditions when using three rackets strung with three string tensions. Tennis balls were projected from a ball machine towards participants who attempted to stroke the ball cross-court into the opposing singles court. The rebound speed of each impact was measured using a radar gun located behind the baseline of the court. An observer also recorded the number of balls landing in, long, wide and in the net. It was found that rebound speeds for males (110.1+/-10.2 km.h-1; mean+/-s) were slightly higher than those of females (103.6+/-8.6 km.h-1; P<0.05) and that low string tensions (180 N) produced greater rebound speeds (108.1+/-9.9 km.h-1) than high string tensions (280 N, 105.3+/-9.6 km.h-1; P<0.05). This finding is in line with laboratory results and theoretical predictions of other researchers. With respect to accuracy, the type of error made was significantly influenced by the string tension (P<0.05). This was particularly evident when considering whether the ball travelled long or landed in the net. High string tension was more likely to result in a net error, whereas low string tension was more likely to result in the ball travelling long. It was concluded that both gender and the string tension influence the speed and accuracy of the tennis ball.  相似文献   

A tapered channel microfluidic device for comprehensive cell adhesion analysis, using measurements of detachment kinetics and shear stress-dependent motion     

Rupprecht P  Golé L  Rieu JP  Vézy C  Ferrigno R  Mertani HC  Rivière C 《Biomicrofluidics》2012,6(1):14107-1410712

We have developed a method for studying cellular adhesion by using a custom-designed microfluidic device with parallel non-connected tapered channels. The design enables investigation of cellular responses to a large range of shear stress (ratio of 25) with a single input flow-rate. For each shear stress, a large number of cells are analyzed (500–1500 cells), providing statistically relevant data within a single experiment. Besides adhesion strength measurements, the microsystem presented in this paper enables in-depth analysis of cell detachment kinetics by real-time videomicroscopy. It offers the possibility to analyze adhesion-associated processes, such as migration or cell shape change, within the same experiment. To show the versatility of our device, we examined quantitatively cell adhesion by analyzing kinetics, adhesive strength and migration behaviour or cell shape modifications of the unicellular model cell organism Dictyostelium discoideum at 21 °C and of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 at 37 °C. For both cell types, we found that the threshold stresses, which are necessary to detach the cells, follow lognormal distributions, and that the detachment process follows first order kinetics. In addition, for particular conditions’ cells are found to exhibit similar adhesion threshold stresses, but very different detachment kinetics, revealing the importance of dynamics analysis to fully describe cell adhesion. With its rapid implementation and potential for parallel sample processing, such microsystem offers a highly controllable platform for exploring cell adhesion characteristics in a large set of environmental conditions and cell types, and could have wide applications across cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell screening.  相似文献   

Mixed-method pre-cooling reduces physiological demand without improving performance of medium-fast bowling in the heat     

Minett GM  Duffield R  Kellett A  Portus M 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(9):907-915

This study examined physiological and performance effects of pre-cooling on medium-fast bowling in the heat. Ten, medium-fast bowlers completed two randomised trials involving either cooling (mixed-methods) or control (no cooling) interventions before a 6-over bowling spell in 31.9±2.1°C and 63.5±9.3% relative humidity. Measures included bowling performance (ball speed, accuracy and run-up speeds), physical characteristics (global positioning system monitoring and counter-movement jump height), physiological (heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature and sweat loss), biochemical (serum concentrations of damage, stress and inflammation) and perceptual variables (perceived exertion and thermal sensation). Mean ball speed (114.5±7.1 vs. 114.1±7.2 km · h(-1); P = 0.63; d = 0.09), accuracy (43.1±10.6 vs. 44.2±12.5 AU; P = 0.76; d = 0.14) and total run-up speed (19.1±4.1 vs. 19.3±3.8 km · h(-1); P = 0.66; d = 0.06) did not differ between pre-cooling and control respectively; however 20-m sprint speed between overs was 5.9±7.3% greater at Over 4 after pre-cooling (P = 0.03; d = 0.75). Pre-cooling reduced skin temperature after the intervention period (P = 0.006; d = 2.28), core temperature and pre-over heart rates throughout (P = 0.01-0.04; d = 0.96-1.74) and sweat loss by 0.4±0.3 kg (P = 0.01; d = 0.34). Mean rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were lower during pre-cooling trials (P = 0.004-0.03; d = 0.77-3.13). Despite no observed improvement in bowling performance, pre-cooling maintained between-over sprint speeds and blunted physiological and perceptual demands to ease the thermoregulatory demands of medium-fast bowling in hot conditions.  相似文献   

Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Jochen Markard  Rob RavenBernhard Truffer 《Research Policy》2012,41(6):955-967

Sustainability oriented innovation and technology studies have received increasing attention over the past 10-15 years. In particular, a new field dealing with “sustainability transitions” has gained ground and reached an output of 60-100 academic papers per year. In this article, we aim to identify the intellectual contours of this emerging field by conducting a review of basic conceptual frameworks, together with bibliographical analysis of 540 journal articles in the field. It is against this background that we position the six papers assembled in a special section in Research Policy. These papers pave the way for new conceptual developments and serve as stepping-stones in the maturation of sustainability transition studies, by linking with the scholarly literatures of management studies, sociology, policy studies, economic geography, and modeling.  相似文献   

Middle‐class struggle? Identity‐work and leisure among sixth formers in the United Kingdom     

Mary Jane Kehily  Rob Pattman 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》2006,27(1):37-52

This paper explores the ways in which sixth‐form students in Milton Keynes negotiate their identities and the symbolic significance they attach to leisure activities in the process of doing this. The paper draws upon qualitative, young‐person‐centred interviews with sixth formers in state and private schools. We address the investments of sixth formers in constructing themselves as autonomous individuals and argue that they do so from a position of middle‐class subjects‐in‐the‐making. Through an inversion of Willis’ (1977 Willis, P. 1977. Learning to labour, Aldershot: Gower.  [Google Scholar]) (focus, our concern is to make explicit the implicitly middle‐class identities sixth formers were forging. We argue that the identity‐work of sixth formers plays a part in the reproduction of school‐based class inequalities by pathologising working‐class students while constructing themselves as bourgeois liberal individuals.  相似文献   

Δ-distance: A family of dissimilarity metrics between images represented by multi-level feature vectors     

Marta Rukoz  Maude Manouvrier  Geneviève Jomier 《Information Retrieval》2006,9(6):633-655

This article presents the Δ-distance, a family of distances between images recursively decomposed into segments and represented by multi-level feature vectors. Such a structure is a quad, a quin or a nona-tree resulting from a fixed and arbitrary image partition or from an image segmentation process. It handles positional information of image features (e.g. color, texture or shape). Δ-distance is the generalized form of dissimilarity measures between multi-level feature vectors. Using different weights on tree nodes and different distances between nodes, distances between trees or visual similarity between images can be computed based on the general definition of Δ. In this article, we present three Δ-based distance families: two families of distances between tree structures, called -distance( for Tree) and -distance ( for Segment), and a family of visual distances between images, called ( for Visual). The -distance visually compares two images using their tree representation and the other two distances compare the tree structures resulting from image segmentation. Moreover, we show how existing distances between multi-level feature vectors appear to be particular cases of the Δ-distance  相似文献